An Overview of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry Research Paper

An Overview of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry - Research Paper Example This "An Overview of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry" outlines and analyze the restaurant management in Chicago and defines the main aims of it in order to improve this branch of hospitality and to attract new customers. The everyday life in Chicago is very fast and competitive and people barely find time to spare for unconstructive activities such as enjoying an exclusive feast. College students and working class always prefer grabbing a quick snack between breaks and only wish to give minimal lead time between ordering food and being served. Since Chicago represents one of the busiest commercial and capital hubs of America, there are high stakes involved and thus various strict regulatory bodies exist that closely monitor all food and hospitality businesses. Not only the mandatory standards are complied with, but restaurants also attempt to meet requirements of voluntary codes pertaining to quality, health, hygiene and safety. This social business is for the public at large an d hence to gain their support and create goodwill amongst diversified population of Chicago, it is crucial to fulfill needs of the desired market niche. Demographics of targeted market segment must be carefully studied and preferences be analyzed before establishing the offered menu and the overall aura of restaurant. In order to outperform hundreds of brands already prevailing in the market, some uniqueness and exclusivity needs to be developed that attracts customers who can find those factors nowhere else. This may be the special food, innovative methodology or unrivaled services. Innovation through technology Technology has swayed the hospitality industry of Chicago in recent decades. New innovations are highly valued by the Chicago people and thus all famous brands continue to develop and introduce newer methods of cooking and serving through usage of technology. Moreover, few inventions such as the social media, has helped businesses in collecting vast amount of demographic in formation of customers and in conducting mass marketing campaigns. Often, new restaurants market their business on social media portals and operate online only for collecting orders and making deliveries, with no physical dine-out outlet and hence save substantial costs. Furthermore, various brands have introduced self-service stalls in different busy locations of Chicago; these booths have automated equipment with no human intervention. A customer can conveniently place

What is art Aspects of the definition of art Essay

What is art Aspects of the definition of art - Essay Example Art is considered to be indefinable. Art has no specific characteristics or features. According to the romantic tradition, it is the subject of genius, whose perception is beyond any social limitation and therefore it is considered as indefinable. In simple words art can be defined as a skillful piece that is the creation of a human artist. However the artists of modern age constantly have been pushing the boundaries of this definition and challenging new perceptions. The human artists have often left the psychologist, philosopher and critics far behind when it comes to preconception. Readymade art or found out often challenges the job of an artist as the creator of art (Tolstoy, n.d.). It is not always that an art is indefinable. It can be defined by the help of the institutional theory of Art. According to these institutional theories of art, it can be defined by the help of its partial or relational properties. The procedure through which art has been developed can also be conside red as a way of defining art.According to the Formalist theory of art, the formal characteristic of artwork can be used to determine its aesthetic properties. This formal relation can be between its constitutive elements such as relationship between line, colors, volume and masses in the form of visual art work for e.g. paintings. There are theories present that confirm that content can be an effective contribution to the aesthetic value of artwork. This is the only story that supports such an argument. The general and non-honorific are two aspects of the classification of art and therefore it better to develop the understanding of the two aspects and the difference between them. The two main categories of art are fine art or applied and decorative art. Fine art consists of aesthetic objects that are not meant to be used to fill any kind of practical purpose or the art which is purely decorative but doesn’t have any facade of being considered as art. The foundation of concept ual or found art dates back to the time when Marcel Duchamp’s work was introduced, which was the representation of the enamel urinal as the subject of art. The object of questioning used by Marcel was purely based on the aesthetic view and the high level of aesthetic excellence that can be used as the instance of art. We can also observe that not always are these events the instances of art, irrespective of the fact that how they are being viewed by an institution. Objects can be classified as art or non-art. It order to place a project in the former category it is important to ask about the intention of the artist regarding his composition that whether it is aesthetic or the artistic appreciation, whether the creation of the artist is original or it is inspired by the work of others or whether the work is a reproduction or is it an object that is produced in bulk. Fine art, folk art and popular art can be distinguished from each other on the basis of several aspects. For e.g . in fine art almost every composition of the artist is original but there are so many reproductions of it present, whereas folk art is purely original with no reproduction or copy. However popular art can be distinguished from the other two form of art as all the work present in this category is merely copy and there is no originality present, or has been preserved. There are two aspects of the definition of Art i.e. horizontal and vertical. Both these aspects at times can be confusing and therefore it’s better to develop a clear understanding about them. The horizontal aspect of art is concerned with choosing the general aspect of different things and then contrasting it with different aspects of human culture. These aspects can be literature, science, sports, etc. Horizontal aspect can be considered as a non-honorific or general aspect of art in which different categories of art are included. These categories can be applied art, decorative art, amateur art, popular art, fo lk art and children art. According

Lexical and Structural Ambiguity Examples

Lexical and Structural Ambiguity Examples Language is the most important thing in our life. People communicate with others by using language. Without language we cannot communicate with other people properly. Even deaf or dump people can communicate with others by using their special language or sign language. People talk, share their thought, feeling and emotion through language either spoken or written. In the world, there are many different languages in different countries. It is possible that there are many languages used in one country. Although have so many different languages, people use it for one reason, that is to communicate. They communicate with each other either spoken or written through sentences. Sometimes people do not get what we said to them. It is not because they do not hear it or something. However, occasionally we say a sentence which has more than one meaning. As a result, the listeners will have some different interpretations and this will make confusion for the listener. In this case, this misunderstanding is called an ambiguity. We can find ambiguous sentences everywhere, not only when people say something to us or spoken but we can also find it in written forms, like in the book, newspaper, magazine, and so on. This ambiguity can happen if there are more than one meaning which can be interpreted by the people who read or listen to the ambiguous sentences or phrases. There are three kinds of ambiguity according to Ullmann (as cited in Tambunan 202, 204); phonetic, grammatical or structural, and lexical ambiguity. Phonetic ambiguity appears in spoken only, e.g. when we say near, not all people will catch near as the meaning of close by or next to. Nevertheless, some people can misunderstand what they hear. They can possibly hear near as an ear or a near as well. Meanwhile, in his book, Pateda () said Grammatical or structural ambiguity appears because of the resemblance of phrase. Each word which forms a phrase actually should be clear, but the combination can be interpreted more than one meaning. For example in the sentence I met a number of old friends and acquaintances. The word old (past or someone who has been already old, in this case about age matter) in this sentence can be connected with friends (people who you know well but not in family members) and acquaintances which means people that you have met but do not know well. In that sentenc e, where is meant by the past, is it friends or acquaintances? In lexical ambiguity it has been explained that each word can contain more than one meaning. A word can lead to something different according to the usage. As the writer mentioned above, apparently ambiguous sentences or phrases can be shown in the written forms. Based on this research, the writer chooses the source of data from a newspaper, especially in the titles of each section which most likely contains ambiguous meaning. Because nowadays we find so many newspaper which contains ambiguous meaning in it, either in the content or the title. This is happening because in this modern era, language is changed. Trask (92) said that language has changed, and many of the old words have disappeared and been replaced by the new words. Other words have survived, but have changed either their forms or their meanings so much that we can barely recognize them. In this research the writer chooses a local Indonesian newspaper, that is Suara Merdeka. It is the largest Indonesian daily newspaper in Central Java, Indonesia which is made in Semarang, Central Java. There are some sections that are offered by this news, such as headline, business, advertisement, your letters, entertainment, and so on. In this paper, the writer will conduct a research in the news title of each section. Since the data is taken from newspaper, the writer will take some titles which most likely has ambiguous meaning in both lexically and structurally. FIELD OF THE STUDY This research is in the field of Linguistics. SCOPE OF THE STUDY In this paper the writer focuses on lexical and structural ambiguity in the title news of each section in Suara Merdeka newspaper. The data of this research are taken from all titles in each section of the newspaper which has ambiguous meaning. PROBLEM FORMULATION The research question can be formulated as follows: Which words, sentences or phrases are possibly ambiguous? What parts of speech are lexically ambiguous? Which type of ambiguity is the most dominant? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this paper are to answer the problem of this research which is mentioned above. They are: To find out words, sentence or phrases are possibly ambiguous. To analyze the part of speech of words that can be lexically ambiguous. To determine the most dominant type of ambiguity. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The result of this study provides the readers to improve their ability in understanding the ambiguous sentence, phrase, or word in written language. This research will contribute as the reference for the study of semantics and syntax in teaching and learning activity. Moreover for the people who are interested in lexical and structural ambiguity for their research. DEFINITION OF TERMS Ambiguity Ambiguity appears when something has more than one possible meaning and may therefore cause confusion (Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary 43). Lexical Ambiguity According to Grenat and Taher in Al satil journal (10), lexical ambiguity refers to the type of ambiguity those results from the occurrence of homonyms. Structural Ambiguity A sentence is called structurally ambiguous if there is more than one complete structural description that may be assigned to it (Tesar, par. 1). LITERARY VIEW Semantic Theories As a branch of linguistics, semantics is defined as the study of the meaning. Yule (100) says that Semantics deals with the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words, phrases and sentences of a language. In semantics it can be seen what is meant by meaning, the kinds of meaning, anything which is connected by meaning, the components of meaning, whether meaning is changed or not, why meaning can be changed, either each word has only one meaning or more, how we comprehend the meaning of a word or sentence easily, everything can be traced through semantics (Pateda 2). Meaning There are two ways in investigating meaning of words in a sentence; conceptual and associative meaning. Conceptual meaning is the basic components of meaning carry on literal use of words. For example, the word needle has the meaning of sharp, thin, an instrument for sewing. Associative meaning is like the connotation of words. For example, the word needle has the meaning of pain, illness, drug, thread, or knitting. In this association meaning, it is possible that each person may have different interpretations (Yule 100). An idea has to be sent clearly and meaningfully, so it will not cause misunderstanding in communication. Ambiguity can cause wrong perception in peoples mind when evaluating something (Suryaslavia 7). Ambiguity According to Clare (par 4), something is called ambiguous when it can be understood in two or more possible senses or ways. A word or sentence is ambiguous when it has more than one sense. A sentence is ambiguous if it has two (or more) paraphrases which are not themselves paraphrases of each other. For example, We saw her duck is a paraphrase of We saw her lower her head and of We saw the duck belonging to her. In this case, we consider that We saw her duck is ambiguous (Hurford and Heasley 121). Ambiguity can arise in a sentence for a number of reasons; through the ascription of multiple meanings to single words, through the assignment of different syntactic structures to a sentence, or through the use of certain expression that may have semantic scope (Cann 8). Lexical Ambiguity Lexical ambiguity according to Hurford and Heasley (128) is any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word. For example in the sentence The captain corrected the list is lexically ambiguous. The word list has two possible meanings, either record (short pieces of information, such as peoples name) or lean (in a ship). Lexical ambiguity can be created from because of polysemy and homophony (OGrady 270). Polysemy Polysemy occurs where a word has two or more related meanings. Example: Bright : shining, intelligent To glare : to shine intensely, to stare angrily A deposit : minerals in the earth, money in the bank Homophony Homophony exists where a single form has two or more entirely distinct meanings. For example, the word bat has the meaning either a flying mouse-like nocturnal mammal or a piece of equipment used in cricket or baseball. In this case, it is assumed that there are two or more separate words with the same pronunciation rather than a single word with different meanings. Structural Ambiguity Structural ambiguity appears because of the resemblance of phrase. Each word which forms a phrase actually should be clear, but the combination can be interpreted more than one meaning. For example in the sentence I met a number of old friends and acquaintances. The word old (past or someone who has been already old, in this case about age matter) in this sentence can be connected with friends (people who you know well but not in family members) and acquaintances which means people that you have met but do not know well. In that sentence, where is meant by the past, is it friends or acquaintances? Structural ambiguity happens if there is a sentence which is ambiguous because its words relate each other in different ways, even though none words are ambiguous (Hufford 129 130). Language of Newspapers In his book, The Language of Newspaper; Socio Historical Perspective, Conboy (1) says that the language of newspapers has always encapsulated what would they sell to the readers and how the information which they share could best be packaged and presented to achieve the commercial end at a certain time. The market-driven rationalization of the language of the new mass newspapers affected the grammar of the reduced sentences which were increasingly identifiable as journalistic. The twentieth-century newspapers language was shaped by a wave of technologies competing with the newspaper as the prime provider of topical information about the world. In newspapers today, we are witnessing the latest linguistic accommodation to changing social and commercial pressures. Newspapers have always striven to provide an elaborated form of conversation with their audiences, to be something more than a dry account of the events of the day (Conboy 2). Previous Study In Faculty of Letters, Unika Soegijapranata there have been thre theses discussing about Ambiguity. Marsha Marieanne (2011), The Analysis of Ambiguity in Printed Consumer Goods Indonesian Advertisements investigates the classification of the ambiguous taglines in printed Indonesian consumer goods advertisements. Doncy Suryaslavia (2005), Lexical and Structural Ambiguity on Television Advertisements focuses on a classification of Indonesian television advertisements which contain lexical or structural ambiguity. Arkhid Awful (2005), Peoples Interpretstion of the Advertisement Containing Ambiguous Sentences or Phrases talks about interpretation of people concerning the ambiguous sentences or phrases in the advertisement. The difference between those three theses from the writes study is that the writer focuses on the lexical and structural ambiguity found in news titles. The writer will conduct a research on each section of the newspaper and find any titles which most likely have ambiguous meaning. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Method of Data Collection The aim of this study is to analyze the lexical and structural ambiguity in the newpaper titles. The writer conducts a reasearch from Indonesian local newspaper, that is Suara Merdeka. She takes the data from each section of the newspaper which most likely contains ambiguous meaning and she will analyze it based on the lexical and structural ambiguity. Instrument 1.2 Procedure Method of Data Analysis Reading the selected data Identifying the words, phrases, and sentences which are possibly ambiguous. Classifying them into the types of ambiguity whether lexical or structural ambiguity.

Unwelcome Houseguests :: essays research papers fc

Unwelcome Houseguests The great country of America was founded by scores of immigrants fleeing from Europe. The colored hands of immigrants working in America have touched our great railroads, magnificent buildings, and even the food we eat. However, times have changed, and with this change comes a new responsibility for America to control its borders and the people who pass through them. Not only are illegal immigrants invading our land, but they are crying out for employment and federal aid rights. Giving illegal immigrants the rights to driver’s licenses, social security benefits, and employment rights is not only unfair to lawful citizens; it is outright irresponsible. The immigration of illegal peoples, be it from South America, Europe, or Asia, into the United States has quickly become a growing problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal immigrants do not, and should not, have the right to obtain driver’s licenses. By even entertaining the idea of giving them driver’s licenses, the public is making it seem as though it is okay to hop our borders and infest our country. Some activists argue that legally giving undocumented residents the right to drive will discourage them from carjacking and other crimes. However, the single most devastating act of terrorism on American soil could have been prevented by the denial of driver’s licenses to illegals. Wodele writes, â€Å"†¦19 airline hijackers easily obtained driver’s licenses to board planes that slammed into the World Trade Center and Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001† (2). Along with the potential danger, other dilemmas arise with the exponential arrival of unlawful peoples in our country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the biggest problems with illegal immigrants inhabiting our land is the tremendous strain they put on our national budget. According to Human Events, â€Å"†¦households headed by illegal aliens used $10 billion more in government services than they paid in taxes in 2002† (22). Among the largest federal costs used by undocumented immigrants are â€Å"Medicaid ($2.5 billion); treatment for the uninsured ($2.2 billion); food assistance programs ($1.9 billion); the federal prison and court systems ($ 1.6 billion); and federal aid to schools ($1.4 billion)† (Human Events, 22). With our national debt already rapidly increasing due to the ongoing war on terrorism, any money spent towards illegal immigrants is anything but helpful to our already fragile economy. However, illegals do help scratch the surface of the problems of the depleting funds of Medicare and Social Security by contributing with the little taxes they do pay.

History of Art Forgery

University of Central Missouri The Art of Forgery History of Art Forgery 4/15/2012| Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the history of Art Forgery and the history of one of the greatest art forgers of our time, Tom Keating. The paper will go into the basic history of art forgery from the first recorded art forgery all the way up to the ways forgeries are made today. It will also go into the changes of how forgeries were detected and how forgers are prosecuted. The history of art forgery is not as sinister as some people may believe.In the past, and in some art schools today, students were/are made to copy the works of the master artists, such as Leonardo, Michelangelo, Van Gogh, Monet, and countless others, to hone their skills and practice. In years long past the masters would create their originals and then many copies would be made to make it visible to many people all over the world and to enhance the likelihood that the art would survive the ages. (Dutton, 1983) Thi s went on for years without any thought but as time went on more and more of the masters art started to surface the need for experts were needed to make sure the art in question was the real thing.In the past a person would have to spend years if not a lifetime researching and studying the way an artist would paint by looking at brush strokes, type of paint and canvas used, and other distinctive characteristics of the artist. As time progressed those same experts became some of the most accomplished art forgers. One such forger was French artist Jean-Pierre Schecroun. Before he was arrested and found guilty of forgery in 1962, Schecroun is said to had produced somewhere around eighty forgeries of artists’ works like Picasso and other modern masters. The pictures were said to have brought in ? 5,000 in two years (Dolice, 2003). Forgeries have become such a common practice that any work that surfaces that is allegedly a work done by a modern master such as Van Gogh, Picasso, Da li, Miro, and Chagall is put under great scrutiny. Along with art experts, art restores make good forgers. In 1970 at an auction house in Europe auctioneers noticed that of all the paintings they were getting ready to auction off that there were thirteen paintings of the famous British painter Samuel Palmer but all of them had the same theme, the town of Shoreham, England.After an article was released revealing their suspicions an art restorer named Thomas Patrick Keating claimed that all thirteen were of his making. Keating was born in 1918 Lewisham, a borough of London to poor un-noteworthy parents. From a young age Keating was a gifted painter and have of love art. After World War II he became an art restorer. (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977) After not being able to support himself and his family he became a house painter to make extra money to make ends meet. He did all he could to break into the art market by exhibiting his paintings at numerous galleries but he never got much recognition.In his own eyes Keating believed that the whole gallery system was â€Å"rotten. † He stated that the system was â€Å"dominated by American â€Å"avant-garde fashion, with critics and dealers often conniving to line their own pockets at the expense both of naive collectors and impoverished artists. † (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977) Keating had have enough and decided to get revenge on the broken system. He formed a plan to destabilize the gallery and auction system by flooding the market with forgeries. By the time he was caught he allegedly produced over 2,000 forgeries and copied over 100 different artists.In an article to the Guardian, a British news network a friend of Keating’s, John Brandler said that â€Å"He thought, ‘I'm as good as Rembrandt, Palmer, Renoir and all the rest of the classic painters, and I'm going to prove it',† and many think that he did. Known as a forger with a cause he would leave tell-tale markin gs that would one day reveal that the work was a fake. Known to sometimes write on the canvas with lead before he painted, Keating knew that an x-ray would reveal the message underneath. It was also not unknown of him to purposefully add miniscule flaws or to use materials not available in the time of the original painter.One of the more devious things that were done to ensure the fallacy of his works was done to a few of his oil painting forgeries. Keating knowing that one day all oil paintings will need to be cleaned put a layer of glycerol under his painting. When the restorer would go to clean the painting the chemical reaction would cause the glycerol to dissolve and then the layer of paint would disintegrate leaving the whole work a ruin and revealing that it was a forgery (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977). He also had specific techniques he would use on forgeries of certain artists.When it came to Rembrandt’s works he would boil nuts for hours to make the paint fad e in the future where true paints from the era of Rembrandt would not. In 1977 after an extensive investigation Tom Keating was finally arrested, not for forgery per-say but for conspiracy to defraud. That same year his autobiography, The Fake’s Progress: The Tom Keating Story was published. The years had not been kind to Keating. Years of smoking and inhaling the chemicals that are used in art restoration; turpentine, ammonia and methyl alcohol had taken a toll on his life. The case was dropped due to his poor health.The case was just what was needed to launch him to the fame that has eluded him when he first started to break into the art market. In 1982 through 1983 he had a television program where he talked about the old masters of painting and the techniques that they and he had used to become famous. The following year in 1984, Thomas Keating passed away from a heart attack. After his passing his works have become even more collectable and many find that his forgeries a re worth just as much, if no more, than his originals (Keating, Norman, & Norman, 1977). Tom Keating was in no fashion one of the first art forgers.As stated above forgery has been around as long as art has. People will always want to replicate something that they find pleasing or today that they can make some money. The concept of forgery has not really changed that much over the years. If you want to forge a famous painting or sculpture you study the original artist, try to copy the style that they use, and use materials as close to those used by the artist as possible. Unlike the process, the methods of detection have made great strides. In the beginning the only way to spot a fake was through examination.Some of the few things beside style that are looked at when determining the authenticity of a piece are frames, signatures on the art, stretch bars, and nail holes. (Fleming, 1975) All of these have possibilities of being originals because all of the following, minus the sig natures can be changed when an art restorer works on a painting but a true expert can tell. As technology advanced so did the ways of detecting forgeries. The development of the use of x-rays has brought about the use of x-ray diffraction and fluorescence. Both are used to determine the omposition of the materials used. In x-ray diffraction, used in the authentication of paintings, not only analyzes the components but also to detect pentimento, the alteration of a painting. Carbon and â€Å"White lead† dating are used to measure the age of a painting, Dendrochronology used to date wooden objects and Thermoluminescence is used to date pottery. (Fleming, 1975) One of the newest forms of authentication is digital authentication. Wavelet decomposition is when the picture is broken down into smaller pictures and then the texture is analyzed by the stroke of the paint.The United States has many laws against counterfeiting and fraud but when it comes to prosecuting forgers they have a hard time proving the burden of proof. Just like the forgers changing with the times, prosecutors have adapted. It has become standard practice for prosecutors to go after forgers under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). This has worked because it is very seldom that a forger works alone. They usually have someone they trust that helps them find a buyer or get the forgeries into an auction.In going after all of the people prosecutors have been successful against art forgers such as the case United States v. Amiel. (Dolice, 2003) Forgers and the sellers of counterfeit art can also be held accountable through civil actions. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) protects against unfair trade practices in the art market. In 1993 the FTC brought a case against Magui Publishers, Inc. In FTC v. Magui Publishers, Inc. , the court found Magui guilty of and made them pay $1. 96 million in restitution. (Federal Trade Commision , 1993) Art Forgery has been around since a rt was first made.Though it started as nothing but a simple exercise to better ones skill, it has become a crime that is hard to fight. With the discovery that one can make money just by copying an artist’s style art forgers started selling their own paintings as the work of the masters and they haven’t stopped. This brought about such forgers as Thomas Keating, the forger with a cause. As the forgers themselves changed, the ways they were caught have changed to. The introduction of using x-rays was a great advance in the detection of pentimento, the alteration of the original painting.When going after the forgers prosecutors must rely on other means than just federal statutes against forgery. RICO has made it easier for federal prosecutions to go farther. As art continues to flourish, so will the ways that people try to copy that art. In the years to come, forgers will become more and more skilled at the art of copying. That being the case, all who work against forger s must be vigil and work as hard as the forgers themselves to stay one step ahead of them. If not, one day forgers may be making forgeries of the master forgers of today. Works Cited Dolice, J. 2003). Fabulous Fakes and a History of Art forgery. Dutton, D. (1983). The Forger's Art. Berkeley: University of California Press. Federal Trade Commision . (1993). 9 F. 3d 1551: Federal Trade Commission, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Magui Publishers, Inc. ; Pierre Marcand, Defendants-appellants. Retrieved April 2012, from FTC. gov. Fleming, S. J. (1975). Authenticity in Art: The scientific Detection of Forgery. New York: Crane, Russak ;amp; Co Inc. Keating, T. , Norman, G. , ;amp; Norman, F. (1977). The Fake's Progress: The Tom Keating Story. London: Hutchinson and Company.

Features of Spoken Language

There are many aspects of spoken language that I have used in my home. When I am speaking to a person with a higher position is society, I will greatly vary my speech in terms of my vocabulary and even reduce or abolish the use of less formal features such as fillers and acronyms. However whilst I am conversing with a person of my age or a similar position in society, I will greatly use informal features such as tag questions and ellipsis.In my informal conversation with the plumber, I have used an array of spoken language features such as acronyms, hedge words and even ellipsis however on the other hand, whilst conversing with my father, I have employed covert prestige so that he understands me better. In addition I believe that spoken language is different from written language because most written language is intended to be read by someone who is separated from the writer in space and time. Therefore to communicate successfully, it has to be a lot more explicit than spoken languag e used in a face to face conversation.Although some written genres such as texts and e-mails are very similar to spoken language, in general written language is more dense in the sense that bigger words are used in smaller spaces and it also uses more subordinate clauses and has less redundancy words like †sort of†, †like†, †you know†, †yeah? † which are dominantly found in spoken language. Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches etc.Also, Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore they cannot rely on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well. On the other hand, speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied. There are many factors that affect the way I speak or my idiolect.I think that I speak in a slightly informal way and use a lot of slang vocabulary in my speech. This might be related to my family background and also because I come from an under-privileged position in the society where people tend to place a greater emphasis on delivering the message than focusing on the presentation. In addition, my background and lifestyle also affects my idiolect because, I come from an ordinary working class background where, people are not formally educated, so they tend to used words that are not complicated because a person’s speech usually reflects upon their education.My personal experiences also affect my idiolect in the sense that I am a very sporty person and love games by heart. This tends to affect my vocabulary because I use a lot of technical terms which an uneducated person might not understand straightaway furthermore, I have only been attending school since year 5, this places me in a very difficult position because I sometimes cannot find words that match my emotions because I have not been educated up to a high standard. My friends also influence my idiolect because I tend to socialise with people that have a similar intellect and interests as me.This greatly affects my vocabulary because we use similar terminology that a different person might not understand. In addition, my vocabulary is greatly affected by my interests too, for example when I read a book; I will try to incorporate the words into my speech so that I will have more breadth of words and lingo. I have recorded myself conversing with two different people that have different positions in society and are also educated to different levels. This greatly affected the topics that we spoke about and also affected the vocabulary I used.In the informal transcript with the plumber we are discu ssing about the replacement of a pipe and a tap, on the other hand the formal conversation with my dad was about going to a football match. Both of the conversations follow Grice’s maxims in the sense that the replies are short and have a good manner. However, the structure of the conversation is very different because in one I am more comfortable and open up and in the other, I need to persuade my father so I need to use my best vocabulary in order to be manipulative.Whilst looking at the transcript with the plumber in an informal situation, I immediately realise that I have a tendency to talk and give suggestions whilst the other person is still speaking, this is evident in the transcript because the topic of discussion was very mundane and did not contain anything educational so I felt that there was nothing for me to learn so why not present a quick reaction and agree with what the other person is saying. This adds emphasis to the point that peers do not mind if they are cut in between because of the informality of the situation.It also suggests that the two peers share a bond in the sense that they do not mind and will forgive the other person who has intruded in what they were saying. This might suggest that the people who usually employ such methods come from a background where this is seen as acceptable whereas formally educated people or people with a higher position in society will usually wait for their turn until the other person has finished speaking and follow the feature of turn taking which is evident in the formal transcript because it is seen as impolite to interrupt.People usually look down upon a person who employs this tactic because the person assumes a higher intellect than the person they interrupt because they don’t wait for them to finish their sentence, people who employ this technique might also come off as over-confident or over-smart. As the situation was very informal and relaxed, we could relate and form a bond of compassion where I do not need to be overly formal or employ formal features such as Standard English because we can relate in terms of background etc.This proves the point that I was able to successfully manipulate my speech depending on the situation and the person who I am speaking with. In addition to having lots of interruptions, the informal conversation contains lots of acronyms and initialisations such as â€Å"I gotta leave ASAP† and â€Å"LOL, that’s funny cos’ my friend goes to Copland†. This suggests that the situation is very hasty and I have employed this feature in my speech to reduce the time it takes to deliver a message.By, using â€Å"ASAP† in my speech, I was able to emphasise the hastiness of the situation and was also able to show wariness of the change in language over time. I have employed this feature because I would like to fit in with the way my peers speak to avoid social exclusion where no-one understands what I am tryi ng to imply. This feature is extensively used in my and the plumber’s idiolect for convenience because we would like to deliver a longer message in a shorter amount of time without losing the importance of the message.In formal situations, people will usually keep acronyms as their last resort because it shows that a person is too lazy to finish their sentence which might be perceived as not being confident enough. However, it shows that a person is aware and embraces change in the English language, for example people who use Received Pronunciation, can be seen as ignorant or unaware of the changes that English has had to suit convenience.

11 Circle Expressions

11 Circle Expressions 11 Circle Expressions 11 Circle Expressions By Maeve Maddox A circle is a perfectly round plane figure. The fact that a circle may be drawn from beginning to end without a break makes it a powerful symbol. The word circle occurs in many English idioms, often as a symbol of wholeness or repetition. 1. the circle of life: the cycle of reproduction and survival, from birth to death. 2. circle of hell: a place of punishment in the afterlife, from The Inferno. Dante describes nine circles or areas in which souls are punished according to the nature of their sins. 3. family circle: a theatrical term to describe the seating area farthest from the stage (aka â€Å"upper circle†). In general usage, family circle refers to a person’s closest family members. The word circle can refer to any intimate group of friends. The expression â€Å"inner circle† refers to a small influential group of people who run things in politics, business, or the like. 4. vicious circle: in logic, a vicious circle results when a false premise is followed by a true premise. In general usage, a vicious circle refers to a situation in which no progress or improvement can be made. Sometimes the expression â€Å"vicious cycle† is used instead. 5. to run circles around: to surpass with little effort. Similar term: â€Å"to run rings round.† 6. to come full circle: to complete a series of events; to come back to one’s starting place. 7. to go in circles: to repeat the same action without arriving at the desired place. 8. to square the circle: to attempt the impossible. Other expressions draw on the verb circle, â€Å"to put a circle around something† or â€Å"to move in a circular direction.† 9. to circle the drain: to be on the way out. The image is that of the last of the water draining from a bathtub. 10. to circle the subject: to avoid saying anything specific about a topic of discussion. 11. to circle the wagons: to take a defensive position. The image is that of migrating American settlers arranging their wagons in a circle as a barricade against attacking Indians. Note: The expression â€Å"to circle the wagons† is seen frequently in headlines and in articles about economics. The economists seem to view the American economy â€Å"as a fortress, a circle of wagons, as  it were, that can be readily defined and defended† (Robert Reno, Newsday). Contemporary American Indians often find this expression offensive. Here are some examples of these expressions gathered from the Web: Raising Backyard Chickens to Teach Children the Circle of Life If the road to publication is comprised of all the circles of hell, the first circle, I am telling you, is the â€Å"not right for me† or â€Å"didn’t connect with the voice† circle. Our sincere thoughts and prayers are with the Paisley family and the wider family circle. The conditions exist for a vicious circle involving voting and civic duty, whereby nonvoters decrease their belief in the importance of voting and therefore become less likely to vote in future elections. Ray Allen Running Circles Around Garnett, Pierce, Nets so Far Fifteen years ago, Ana Patricia Botà ­n was pushed out of her senior job at  Banco Santander  Ã‚  by the banks chairman, who also happened to be her father. On Wednesday, Ms. Botà ­ns career came full circle, with her being named chairman  after her fathers sudden death. To be fair and to bring the story full circle, many of Browns accomplishments had their origins in Browns administrations in the 1970s and early 80s.   Washington state goes in circles over drone regulations. Pensions and Social Care for the Elderly: Trying to Square the Circle Circling the Drain: Can the Euro Be Saved, Or Is It Doomed? There’s been a lot of talk this year about online learning at Concordia. Board of Governors and Senate meetings keep circling the subject. US investors circle the wagons, hope Fed rides to rescue Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireThat vs. WhichWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

Free Essays on Case Study In Relationships

I have chosen to do this case study on the de-escalation of the relationship between two friends of mine, Becky and Nathan* (*names have been changed to protect the innocent). They were together for three years, but after about a year and a half, I realized that the relationship was slowly falling apart. Becky and Nathan got together during Becky’s senior year of high school. At first things seemed great, they got along well, and seemed to be very much in love. But, things were slowly unraveling. When Nathan was arrested for possession of marijuana, he claimed it wasn’t his, it was his friend’s and he just happened to be sitting in the wrong car seat. At the time, we all believed him, because Nathan didn’t seem like a â€Å"typical pot-head.† About six months after this incident, Becky not only found out that Nathan was lying about the pot not being his, but he was also a â€Å"pot-head.† Becky decided to trust Nathan when he told her that he was going to quit, and stuck out the relationship. After another six months or so, Becky discovered that Nathan had not only not stopped smoking, but he had left her on her birthday to get high. Becky realized that she had to do something, so she gave him an ultimatum, her or the drugs. Of course he told her he would quit for her, but we all had our doubts. Eventually, we found out we were correct, and Becky did what she knew she had to do. Becky and Nathan clearly went through the four stages of disengagement. During the first phase, the intrapsychic phase, the person â€Å"focuses on the other’s behavior, assesses the adequacy of their partner’s role, and faces the dilemma of expressing or repressing feelings†. Becky started this phase shortly after Nathan left her on her birthday to (as we later found out) get high. She began talking to me about contemplating ending the relationship, and asked for my advice. The next phase was the dyadic phase, in which the person faces... Free Essays on Case Study In Relationships Free Essays on Case Study In Relationships I have chosen to do this case study on the de-escalation of the relationship between two friends of mine, Becky and Nathan* (*names have been changed to protect the innocent). They were together for three years, but after about a year and a half, I realized that the relationship was slowly falling apart. Becky and Nathan got together during Becky’s senior year of high school. At first things seemed great, they got along well, and seemed to be very much in love. But, things were slowly unraveling. When Nathan was arrested for possession of marijuana, he claimed it wasn’t his, it was his friend’s and he just happened to be sitting in the wrong car seat. At the time, we all believed him, because Nathan didn’t seem like a â€Å"typical pot-head.† About six months after this incident, Becky not only found out that Nathan was lying about the pot not being his, but he was also a â€Å"pot-head.† Becky decided to trust Nathan when he told her that he was going to quit, and stuck out the relationship. After another six months or so, Becky discovered that Nathan had not only not stopped smoking, but he had left her on her birthday to get high. Becky realized that she had to do something, so she gave him an ultimatum, her or the drugs. Of course he told her he would quit for her, but we all had our doubts. Eventually, we found out we were correct, and Becky did what she knew she had to do. Becky and Nathan clearly went through the four stages of disengagement. During the first phase, the intrapsychic phase, the person â€Å"focuses on the other’s behavior, assesses the adequacy of their partner’s role, and faces the dilemma of expressing or repressing feelings†. Becky started this phase shortly after Nathan left her on her birthday to (as we later found out) get high. She began talking to me about contemplating ending the relationship, and asked for my advice. The next phase was the dyadic phase, in which the person faces...

Bhavesh.Amin

Bhavesh.Amin Essay CSC 4810-Artificial Intelligence ASSG# 4 Support Vector MachineSVM is an implementation of Support Vector Machine (SVM). SupportVector Machine was developed by Vapnik. The main futures of the programare the following: for the problem of pattern recognition, for the problemof regression, for the problem of learning a ranking function. Underlyingthe success of SVM are mathematical foundations of statistical learningtheory. Rather than minimizing the training error, SVMs minimizestructural risk which express and upper bound on generalization error. SVM are popular because they usually achieve good error rates and canhandle unusual types of data like text, graphs, and images. SVMs leading idea is to classify the input data separating themwithin a decision threshold lying far from the two classes and scoring alow number of errors. SVMs are used for pattern recognition. Basically,a data set is used to train a particular machine. This machine can learnmore by retraining it with the old data plus the new data. The trainedmachine is as unique as the data that was used to train it and thealgorithm that was used to process the data. Once a machine is trained, itcan be used to predict how closely a new data set matches the trainedmachine. In other words, Support Vector Machines are used for patternrecognition. SVM uses the following equation to trained the VectorMachine: H(x) = sign {wx + b}Wherew = weight vectorb = thresholdThe generalization abilities of SVMs and other classifiers differsignificantly especially when the number of training data is small. Thismeans that if some mechanism to maximize margins of decision boundaries isintroduced to non-SVM type clas sifiers, their performance degradation willbe prevented when the class overlap is scarce or non-existent. In theoriginal SVM, the n-class classification problem is converted into n two-class problems, and in the ith two-class problem we determine the optimaldecision function that separates class i from the remaining classes. Inclassification, if one of the n decision functions classifies an unknowndatum into a definite class, it is classified into that class. In thisformulation, if more than one decision function classifies a datum intodefinite classes, or no decision functions classify the datum into adefinite class, the datum is unclassifiable. To resolve unclassifiable regions for SVMswe discuss four types ofSVMs: one against all SVMs; pairwise SVMs; ECOC (Error Correction OutputCode) SVMs; all at once SVMs; and their variants. Another problem of SVMis slow training. Since SVM are trained by a solving quadratic programmingproblem with number of variables equals to the number of training data,training is slow for a large number of training data. We discuss trainingof Sims by decomposition techniques combined with a steepest ascent method. Support Vector Machine algorithm also plays big role in internetindustry. For example, the Internet is huge, made of billions of documentsthat are growing exponentially every year. However, a problem exists intrying to find a piece of information amongst the billions of growingdocuments. Current search engines scan for key words in the documentprovided by the user in a search query. Some search engines such as Googleeven go as far as to offer page rankings by users who have previouslyvisited the page. This relies on other people ranking the page accordingto their needs. Even though these techniques help millions of users a dayretrieve their information, it is not even close to being an exact science. The problem lies in finding web pages based on your search query thatactually contain the information you are looking for. READ: Homeless: What Has Been Done To Decrease The Probl EssayHere is the figure of SVM algorithm:It is important to understand the mechanism behind the SVM. The SVMimplement the Bayes rule in interesting way. Instead of estimating P(x) itestimates sign P(x)-1/2. This is advantage when our goal is binaryclassification with minimal excepted misclassification rate. However, thisalso means that in some other situation the SVM needs to be modified andshould not be used as is. In conclusion, Support Vector Machine support lots of real worldapplications such as text categorization, hand-written characterrecognition, image classification, bioinformatics, etc. Their firstintroduction in early 1990s lead to a recent explosion of applications anddeepening theoretical analysis that was now established Support VectorMachines along with neural networks as one of standard tools for machinelearning and data mining. There is a big use of Support Vector Machine inMedical Field. Reference:Boser, B., Guyon, I and Vapnik, V.N.(1992). A training algorithm foroptimal margin classifiers. http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/tanh.pdf

Courtroom proceedings Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Courtroom proceedings - Research Paper Example County courts essentially handle legal issues on a county level. They are also known as people’s courts since people within a county are inclined to take up legal issues first in a county court (Baum, 2012). County-level courts could handle various criminal and civil issues. This type of courts mainly focus on issues which are minor as higher courts handle major issues for instance felonies along with major civil matters. County-level courts handle cases such as family law, probate, traffic violations, violations of village or city laws, and juvenile matters whenever no separate juvenile court system exists. Court sessions are usually overseen by a judge, and judges must be citizens of the counties wherein they work. The County-Level court has the jurisdiction to hear specific types of appeals for instance appeals from some decisions made by local authority (Cross, 2007). District Courts: District Courts in the United States are the trial courts of the federal court system. Th e District courts, within boundaries established by the United States Constitution and the United States Congress, have jurisdiction to hear virtually every category of federal cases, along with both criminal and civil issues. ... There are 2 special trial courts with national jurisdiction over particular cases: the first one is the Court of International Trade (CIT) which will address cases that involve international trade and customs matters. Second is the United States Court of Federal Claims (USCFC) which essentially has the jurisdiction over the majority of claims for money damages against the U.S. In a district court, the process of appeal begins by filing an appeal notice with the district court clerk within the duration provided by the law following the entry of the ruling sought to be reviewed. The appeal notice will specify the party who is taking the appeal, designate the judgment, or part thereof, appealed from and the date of its entry. It will also specify the statute(s) under which the appeal is being taken (U.S. Courts, 2013). Courts of Appeal: The United States Courts of Appeals are the intermediate federal appellate courts. They essentially alleviate the United States Supreme Court the burden of having to handle every appeal from cases decided by district courts. The Courts of Appeal have the jurisdiction of reviewing every final decision and some interlocutory decisions of the district courts. The Courts of Appeal also review and enforce order of many federal administrative agencies (Baum, 2012). A characteristic appeal from a district courtroom decision will comprise the district court record, oral arguments, as well as supporting arguments. A decision reached by any Court of Appeal is final unless the case is accepted for review by the Supreme Court of the United States. In essence, the 94 judicial districts in the United States are organized into twelve regional

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Research Paper Example the final stage of an HIV infection in which the body is at high risk of acquiring opportunistic infections that ultimately lead to the death of the individual. Opportunistic infections are infections that are caused when the body’s defense mechanism fails to fight common pathogens ordinarily encountered by the body which it could otherwise done had it not been infected with HIV. A person infected with HIV is said to have progressed to AIDS if he develops one or more specific opportunistic infections or certain cancers (aids.gov, 2014). In addition, he should have a very low count of CD4 cells. Blood tests are performed to find out if the CD4 cell count is very low compared to the normal count that varies from 500 to 1500 cells per cubic milliliter of blood (nlm.nih.gov, 2013). HIV is transmitted from person to person through sexual contact and blood. It is possible for the virus to spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. Needle sharing and blood transfusions can transmit the virus through infected blood. The virus is also transferred from an infected pregnant mother to fetus through shared blood circulation. It can also be transmitted from an infected nursing mother to her breastfeeding baby. The virus is not spread through casual contact (such as hugging or touching), through mosquitos or by touching objects that were touched by an HIV infected person. The virus can only be transmitted by blood, vaginal secretions, semen and breast milk (nlm.nih.gov, 2013). When a person is infected with HIV, he first experiences flu-like symptoms such as headache, fever, diarrhea, muscle stiffness, sore throat, muscle aches, swollen lymph glands, rashes, night sweats, mouth sores, and muscle aches (nlm.nih.gov, 2013). Some individuals do not present with any symptoms during the initial stages of infection. When the virus infects an individual, it takes over the CD4 T helper cells of body’s immune system and uses the T cell machinery to create its own copies, destroying

Essay on Augustine's City of God Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Augustine's City of God - Essay Example Augustine also says that on the sacking of the city, it was not uncommon for all invaders including Romans and Greeks to do the same this included the likes of Ulysses, Phoenix and Diomede. For this reason, the sacking of Rome was not something that could be blamed on Christians but was instead a common activity that was part of war (I, 2). The Visigoths and other European barbarian tribes had grown in strength over the years and they raided Rome in 410 under King Alaric. Feelings of resentment had also developed among the poorer population of Rome due to high inflation rates and lack of political representation since the position of councilor was hereditary. These factors had therefore weakened the empire of Rome internally and when the time came that the Visigoths invaded it was not the strong empire it had been in previous years. Prior to the invasion, Christians were already being viewed with suspicion and had been barred from working in high ranking offices, the view that they w ere to blame for the fall of Rome therefore came as a natural expectation as a scapegoat was necessary. Lucretia was a woman who was believed to have been raped and out of guilt she committed suicide. Augustine uses the rape of Lucretia as an example to cite to teach Christianity about Chastity. Augustine says that and anyone who is forced to have sexual relations and does not consent to them has not committed a sin. A woman should however not commit suicide for such an act being committed on them, as it will bar them from entering the kingdom of God. The story of Lucretia has never been confirmed as an event that actually happened but remains a significant story that relates to the establishment of the Roman Empire. Lucretia’s suicide is what led people to revolt and remove the old establishment and thus symbolized what the Roman Empire stood for; respect for all irrespective of gender or social class. The story did however also show that the Roman Empire was established as a patriarchy as the men rebel in vengeance of a woman who overwhelmed by shame could not muster the courage to continue living her life and relied on the strength of men to avenge for her. The relationship of Augustine and Christians to the ‘city of man’ Augustine in the city of God believes that in actuality there are two cities; there is Rome the city that has been developed by men as an economic bloc and there is the religious Rome that is a city built by God and whose foundation is Christian religion. Augustine therefore shows that there is always going to be a conflict between the way men want to live their lives and the way they should live their lives according to the Lords commandments. Augustine wrote the book after the sacking of Rome by the Visigoths and therefore uses the book to explain that under the laws of God no one dies at a time not planned by him. In addition, that they could not live their lives in fear of death more so if they did live according to the laws of God and not just the laws of man (II, 15). As men, one should not be afraid to show that they are living under the laws of the city of God even if living in a nation that does not recognizes these laws. Therefore, it is better to be courageous and ready to sacrifice oneself for your convictions for God will restore you in heaven than to live constantly afraid of persecution. On the view of the life or Rome,

Org behavior 3 leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Org behavior 3 leadership - Essay Example The personal leadership model+300 9 13 3.2. Abilities+400 13 3.3. Personality+400 16 3.4. Values+500 18 3.5. The discussion desired effective theory of leadership+500 20 References 23 Bibliography 24 Introduction This process must include a structured procedure for self-assessment and development of necessary criteria like mission, value, ideals, goals etc. This paper will attempt to present a systematic procedure for encouraging the leadership qualities. In order to meet this objective, this paper is primarily divided into three sections. The first section will deal with the self assessment as it is necessary to identify and analyse the potential of being a successful leader. It is also important for taking necessary actions for the areas of improvements. The second section includes the development of necessary goal, mission, values etc, and these factors are very crucial as it paves the way for nurturing the leadership quality. In fact, this section creates a necessary basis for en couraging leadership quality through proper direction. The third section will present necessary theoretical backgrounds which are essential for shaping leadership qualities. This section will also focus on the development of personal leadership models and development of other leadership traits like personality, values, abilities etc. Finally, the entire discussion will be summed up in the conclusion. 1. Awareness and Insight through Self-Assessment To support the necessity of self-awareness for leadership development, Rothstein and Burke have commented that â€Å"self-awareness provides a basis for introspection, choice, priority setting, change and development† (Rothstein and Burke, 2010, p.5). The following self-assessment exercise have framed on the basis of five major areas that includes leadership potentials, self confidence, leadership skills, communication apprehension and creative personality. 1.1. Your leadership potential In regards to assessment relating to readine ss it is observed that I have scored 6 which in turn signify a moderate to higher readiness. Our supervisors thus tried to explain the aspects of the work to us to help enhance our abilities to be more ready with the task assigned (Leadership, n.d., p.3; Bowerman & Wart, 2011, p.121). The dimensions of participative and stewardship reflect an above average score of three and this shows that our supervisors not only helped work in a participative work environment but also worked as the protector of the resources both human and technological in regards to the organization (Nolan, 1998, p.1). This data shows that our supervisors avoided showing an authoritative position and also were not the blind followers of the works of the subordinates (Waddell, 2006, p.2). 1.2. Your self-confidence In terms of my character I am a hard working and confident individual who desires to be self reliant in achieving the goals set or entrusted upon me by my superiors. This personality trait also helps my superiors to better depend on me for achieving tasks of advanced level. In respect to the assessment made the scores obtained in each of the different parameters reflect a problem in my character where I reflect getting a jerk in respect to the rising of some unexpected event which may be adverse in nature. 1.3. Your team leadership skills This assessment exercise is also very useful in understanding the leadership orientation of the leadership type. The test for this sell-assessment exerci

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Essay

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Post Modern Society - Essay Example Narrowing this concept down to the realm of criminology, Borowski quoted James Wilson has saying, â€Å"the only morally defensible and efficacious strategy for reducing crime is to attack its root cause (Borowski, 2). In the attempt to attack criminology from its root causes, scientist and philosophers, over time, have evolved countless theories, each theory seeking to better explain the logical causal reasoning behind crime and criminal motivation. Policies and programmes aimed at the reduction and prevention of crime have been, understandably, always based on one or more of these theories, with the utility of such policies and systems depending on the strength or weakness of such theories. This paper first reviews the concept and definitions of crime and criminology; it then examines some of the notable contemporary theories, Classicism, Individual Positivism, Law and Order Conservatism, Social Disorganization and Anomies/Strain theories. These theories selected to examine a broad theoretical perspective from individual to social theories and finally re-appraises the relevance of these theories and their compliance or otherwise with the conditions obtainable in a postmodern society. Criminology is an advanced theoretical field of study and should be differentiated from Criminal Justice, which focuses on the component of justice system such as courts, police and correction and/or rehabilitation facilities. Criminology embodies a wide array of theories and hypotheses seeking to explain the root cause(s) of criminal behaviours, the tendency towards and the pattern of criminal activities and also attempts a prognostic utility in the reduction and prevention of crime. Wikipedia online encyclopaedia describes criminology as a social phenomenon that includes the causes and consequences of crime, criminal behaviours as well as the development and effectiveness of policies and penal system. Criminology has a long history dating back to Lombroso; who is generally considered as the father of criminology, in the late nineteenth century. It has since become a separate field of study, completely divorcing itself from sociology, the parent social discipline. Over the years, criminology has developed its own method of thinking, analysis and hypotheses testing and has evolved theories that explain, in details, norms and values on which the society is based, what constitute crime and criminal behaviours against the society, and ideas, methods or policies that may be utilized in combating and reducing crime. Regardless of societal variance, each community or social group of people are guided by a set of established norms and belief system on which co-existence, mutual trust and family ties are based. Violation of these, in whatever form, constitute what is known as criminal behaviour. Crime may be seen from different perspectives, depending on the values of each society, crime against the individual or crime against the state. When the responsibility of dealing with crime, establishing guilt and appropriately punishing offenders is vested on the state authority, crime is seen as a violation of social order and thus an act against the state. But, when this responsibility is shared among every member of a community, criminal acts are therefore seen as offences against individuals, and the community, victim and offender inclusive, determines what appropriate sanctions the criminal act deserves. Nevertheless, what constitute

America's Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

America's Post-Civil War Growing Pains - Essay Example During this major era of the US history, the major events that lead to the turning of the entire society were the emancipation of slavery and the passing of two amendments i.e., thirteenth and fourteenth. The Civil War provided the African Americans freedom from their masters by outlawing slavery within the country. They now had more control over their own lives. Many wanted to buy land so they could continue on with the planting life. This freedom allowed blacks to control their own lives in their own ways. They were used to cultivate lands and hence started to buy land of their own to continue their cultivation life. Yet following the Emancipation Proclamation, war of two more years, served by African American groups, and the crush of the Confederacy, people were even unwary to address the question of complete citizenship for its freshly released black population (Guelzo, 2006). The passing of the 14th and 15th amendment was prominent. The fourteenth amendment assured all citizens that they can experience the â€Å"due process† in case if any of their constitutional rights are breeched. So due to this, an individual was provided the right to explain his/ her part of the tale before the formation of a decision. The fifteenth amendment allowed voting rights to every male citizen irrespective of their color, race or former condition of slavery. Thus the black males were able to vote and be a part of the electoral process to elect the government of their choice. The affect of the above mentioned turning points on the present America is that nowadays there is no discrimination in the whites and non whites within America and the biggest example of the level of equality is the Victory of President Obama who himself is non white. The cultural change is that today inter marriages among the two are common. The economy booms due to efforts from all corners of society and the overall society has developed the concept of equal rights for all humans. These Reconstru ction Period amendments constituted the rights that, thru extensive proceedings, extended to rulings of the Supreme Court initiating in the early 20th century that outlawed state laws based on discrimination. The Civil Rights Movement proved to be a second reconstruction as it headed to civil rights laws in the year 1964 and 1965. These laws enforced and protected complete civic rights of Afro-Americans. The reconstruction period might have been different if President Lincoln had not been assassinated because he would not have let the radicals to gain position within the government. Moreover the regain of white rule on the South at the end would not have resulted in depriving the non-whites from their civil rights that were formerly provided by amending the constitution (Rife, 2002). The rapid industrialization and urbanization resulted in the development of more jobs and the freed slaves were now ready to be used for the work in industrial processes. Overall the economy boomed and the average man life enhanced due to increased employment and more available products. After the passing of the amendments to ensure the civil rights of non-whites various attempts were made from the law enforcing agencies to continue the discrimination. The Southern Democratic force to continue blacks in their "previous status"

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Essay

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Post Modern Society - Essay Example Narrowing this concept down to the realm of criminology, Borowski quoted James Wilson has saying, â€Å"the only morally defensible and efficacious strategy for reducing crime is to attack its root cause (Borowski, 2). In the attempt to attack criminology from its root causes, scientist and philosophers, over time, have evolved countless theories, each theory seeking to better explain the logical causal reasoning behind crime and criminal motivation. Policies and programmes aimed at the reduction and prevention of crime have been, understandably, always based on one or more of these theories, with the utility of such policies and systems depending on the strength or weakness of such theories. This paper first reviews the concept and definitions of crime and criminology; it then examines some of the notable contemporary theories, Classicism, Individual Positivism, Law and Order Conservatism, Social Disorganization and Anomies/Strain theories. These theories selected to examine a broad theoretical perspective from individual to social theories and finally re-appraises the relevance of these theories and their compliance or otherwise with the conditions obtainable in a postmodern society. Criminology is an advanced theoretical field of study and should be differentiated from Criminal Justice, which focuses on the component of justice system such as courts, police and correction and/or rehabilitation facilities. Criminology embodies a wide array of theories and hypotheses seeking to explain the root cause(s) of criminal behaviours, the tendency towards and the pattern of criminal activities and also attempts a prognostic utility in the reduction and prevention of crime. Wikipedia online encyclopaedia describes criminology as a social phenomenon that includes the causes and consequences of crime, criminal behaviours as well as the development and effectiveness of policies and penal system. Criminology has a long history dating back to Lombroso; who is generally considered as the father of criminology, in the late nineteenth century. It has since become a separate field of study, completely divorcing itself from sociology, the parent social discipline. Over the years, criminology has developed its own method of thinking, analysis and hypotheses testing and has evolved theories that explain, in details, norms and values on which the society is based, what constitute crime and criminal behaviours against the society, and ideas, methods or policies that may be utilized in combating and reducing crime. Regardless of societal variance, each community or social group of people are guided by a set of established norms and belief system on which co-existence, mutual trust and family ties are based. Violation of these, in whatever form, constitute what is known as criminal behaviour. Crime may be seen from different perspectives, depending on the values of each society, crime against the individual or crime against the state. When the responsibility of dealing with crime, establishing guilt and appropriately punishing offenders is vested on the state authority, crime is seen as a violation of social order and thus an act against the state. But, when this responsibility is shared among every member of a community, criminal acts are therefore seen as offences against individuals, and the community, victim and offender inclusive, determines what appropriate sanctions the criminal act deserves. Nevertheless, what constitute

Scholar or High School student Essay Example for Free

Scholar or High School student Essay What will you do when you have already finished your high school education? Will you going to attend college or look for a jobs that fit your position. To me, there was no doubt on whether I want to attend college or start working after I finished my high school because I believe attending college only will benefit to our ownselve. Pretend you are the employer, will you hire someone that with a college graduates or someone that only have their high school diploma? I do not deny the fact that college life would lead me a better future. There are many reasons for why I decided to go to college. One reason I decided to go to college is that I want to have a better career. I know some of you might said theres no need to have a college diploma in order to get a job. Yes, this is true. But will you believe you can actually get the jobs that you really wanted, or the jobs that you will enjoy from it. My answer is not so sure. I say that not many places would take many serious if you just had a High school Diploma. I argue that if I go to college, I can gain more informations and expand my knowledge in lots of different area, as well as the area that I have most interested in. In todays world, lots of job require education to have beyond high school level, so if I have attend college, I will have more jobs opportunities in my future life. Some people might say that they also can get lots of jobs when they dont have college diploma, but I say do you think that you really can get the same paid and same treatments when you c ompare to those that had already attend college? In my future life, I want to have a job that I wont complain about the paid or any others unfair treatment. I want to get a career that I wanted instead of the career that I can get. In order to do this, I need to attend college. Another reason I decided to go to college is that I want to increase my experience. Some people might say going to work also increase your experiences. You can open your view anywhere around you. But I say,  college lifes experience would be much different from any others. I will live in a new enviroment, people around me will be totally different, and also, I will have a new lifestyle when I was in college. I endorse that colleges life is the opening experiences for any teenagers in their life because they wont have any conselors stand beside them and told them what to do and what not to do. It is the chances for me to learn how to depend on my own and take responsibility for any action that I had done to myself. So, college is the place for me get to experience new things and try to be prepare for my own future life. My last but not the least reasons for why I decided to go to college is that I want to make my family proud of me. In my life, the most familiar words that my family told me was that Im the only child in my family that having a chance to go to college. They hope that I can attend college and being graduated. In my childhood, I always heard my family relative talk with my mother with a unrespectful attitude. I want to go to college and finish my academic, when I receive my diploma, I will show them that my mom have a college graduates daughter and show my family that I can become somebody one day. In conclusion, if I have a chance attending college, why not take advantage of it? It obviously wont hurt me if I choose to go to college. Maybe going through my college life would be difficult, but I celebrate the fact that I wont regret because everything I learn will stay in my mind forever and ever.

Penicillin fermentation and role of strain improvement on efficiency

Penicillin fermentation and role of strain improvement on efficiency Introduction Penicillin is one of the most vital drugs known to the medical world. Its discovery by Alexander Fleming in late 1920s changed the face of the world by bringing hope in peoples lives as penicillin was effectively used against diseases such as syphilis and staphylococcus infections. Penicillins discovery was an unexpected accident carried out while isolating staphylococcus aureus by growing bacteria on petri dishes. It was discovered that on one of the dishes a contaminating mould named penicillium notatum had no bacteria around it. Fleming noticed this behavior and obtained a small amount of the secreted antimicrobial product and named it penicillin. However Fleming was not able to commercialize the product into starting a large scale production process and preserved the cultured organism. As penicillin became more popular among other researchers, fermentation processes were being developed to improve its yield. [3]. Using these fermentation techniques, researchers started to carry o ut the production of penicillin in labs at a smaller scale. This process required a considerable amount of time and effort. One of the first methods used to produce penicillin came not too soon after its discovery. The first production procedure resulted in penicillin being produced by fermentation using surface method. In this method, penicillium mould was grown on top of a quiescent medium and bottle plant techniques were used to yield penicillin. This was a descent breakthrough in producing the antibiotic drug but it took very long growing cycles of penicillium mould. [3]. The demand for antibiotics really went up during and after the Second World War. At this time penicillin was well known around the world, however its production at larger scale with better efficiency was needed to make it a household name. The challenge of producing penicillin at larger scale was very daunting for researchers and engineers. It was at that time when fermentation research on corn steep liquor at a laboratory in Illinois, USA allowed in producing 2.3 million doses through development of deep tank fermentation [5]. As the demand for penicillin was rising, different ways of obtaining the antibiotic drug increased. Such production methods involved the use of fermenters with buffers and separation funnels, the property of liquid-liquid extraction, distribution ratios and finally the use of a membrane in a countercurrent extraction column. Penicillin Production Procedures Since the discovery of penicillin as an antibiotic drug, there have been many different methods developed to produce penicillin efficiently in order to achieve maximum yield. For instance, the recovery of penicillin using an emulsion liquid membrane in countercurrent extraction column is very successful method yield a highly qualitative product. The use of a countercurrent extraction column requires both a dispersed phase and an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase is made of penicillin potassium salt which is dissolved in a citrate buffer solution while the dispersed phase is made of a mixture of internal aqueous solution; sodium carbonate present in de-ionized water and organic solution, a mixture of a secondary amine, and nonionic polyamine in kerosene [1]. In order to process this method, the continuous phase is first fed through the top of the column at unsteady state, and when the flow of this phase reaches steady state, the dispersed phase is injected through the bottom of the col umn, producing a countercurrent extraction with the help of a nozzle. While the process is extracting, time samples are taken from the top and the bottom to monitor the concentration of penicillin. Once the separation of the continuous phase and dispersed phase occurs with the help of a filtration process, the penicillin that was present in the continuous phase is recovered. The effectiveness of the removal of different types of penicillin can be removed at a greater value at lower pH. This is because at a lower pH the impurities are left behind and can be removed, but at a higher pH, the impurities will remain with the organic phase, and thus will be hard to separate. This is the major reason why the aqueous extract is acidified again, so that we are able to lower the pH and obtain a better amount of penicillin and remove most of the impurities present [4]. Although methods like Emulsion liquid membrane in countercurrent extraction column can be very productive and economically feasible, some other measures are still required to produce penicillin in industry at a larger scale. Industrial Procedure The industrial process of the recovery of penicillin is in fact more complex. It requires the use of a fermenter, a filtration system and 3 buffer units, as shown in figure below. The industrial process uses the same principle of distribution ratio, which determines the measure of purity in the extracted product. The distribution ration is equal to the concentration of a solute phase in an organic phase divided by its concentration in aqueous phase. This principle is effectively used in removing the level of impurities from the final product. In this process, corn-steep liquor, which is a waste product in the wet milling of corn, is entered as the feed. When it enters the fermenter, additional nutrients such as metabolism modifiers and antifoaming agents can also be added. The pH is then adjusted and the contents in the fermenter are seam sterilized. As the temperature reaches a value of about 25oC, the fermenter is inoculated with a pure and high yielding mutant strain of Penicillium [2]. At this point, it comes in contact with sterile air with the help of turbine agitation to provide proper air medium interface and the constant addition of extra nutrients an d antifoaming agents [2]. This whole process is carried out for approximately one week. After the fermentation period, the solution is then sent to a filtration unit where impurities such as mycelium are separated from the aqueous solution that contains penicillin. As the separation takes place, the aqueous solution goes through three extraction units to obtain the final product in solid form. First the solution enters the primary extraction unit where its pH is reduced to a value of two by using sulfuric acid and amyl acetate, these results in penicillin to be extracted. This organic solution is then sent into the secondary extraction unit where it comes into contact with an aqueous buffer solution with a pH of six. This results in the formation of rich penicillin aqueous solution. Finally this solution is sent to the third and final extraction unit. Here the solution is re-acidified and either contacted with the same organic solvent used in primary extraction or with another organ ic solvent such as methyl isobutyl ketone. This second contact with organic solvent is used to prevent the transfer of any soluble impurities [2]. After continuous treatment, the final product of penicillin is recovered in solid form. Conclusion Penicillin is world renown antibiotic, its importance came in the early 1900s were it was used as a healing agent for bacterial infections. Till today its importance plays a vital role in society. Penecillin process is carried out with the help of new ways being developed in the recovery of penicillin. To conclude, it was noted that there are many different ways to recover penicillin using different agents. However, the quality and quantity of the product plays an important role in determining the best fermenting process. Using the principles of distribution ratios recovered penicillin in an almost pure form. While the use of countercurrent extraction column gave a more modernized method, but was not always able to give similar results as the use of distribution ratios. References [1] Lee, Sang C. Contiuous extraction of penicillin by liquid membrane in a countercurrent extraction column. Journal of Membrane Science 124 (1997): 43-51. [2] Baird, Malcolm H. Handbook of Solvent Extraction. New York, NY: Wiley, 1983. [3] Philipe, Dr Calos. Penicillin. First lecture of Chem Eng 3BK3. [4] T. Hano, M. Matsumoto and T. Ohtake, Continuous Extraction of Penicillin G with liquid surfactant membrane using vibro mixer. Journal of Membrane Science 93(1994): 61 [5] [Mary Bellis. The History of Penicillin.Inventors. About.com. Retrieved 2007-10-30.]

Essay --

In todays’ hard economic times, academic issues such as increased in college students’ mean age, student drop outs due to financial difficulties, and increased in average students’ lending has started to plague universities even in developed countries. In Taiwan, most of the college students are either enrolled in the morning or in the evening sessions, wherein, the evening sessions are opened specially for the on the job students. However, upon asking, many of the morning session students are actually working part-time. It is hypothesized that properly managed part-time jobs would have a positive effect for the students, in terms of job preparation and value adding experiences. In light of these issues, the current study shall seek to determine the key factors that students consider while looking for a part-time job. Furthermore, the study also seeks to determine the practical effects of having part-time job while still studying. A survey was developed and admin istered to 450 college students in a Technical and Vocational University in Taiwan. Statistical analysis shows that students’ part-time job selection is much dependent on two key factors, namely: Job matches my future and Job is able to help my future career. Further implications are also given to provide a much bigger outlook on how students plan their career. 1. Introduction Part-time (PT) job has long been a part of the university student experience. Observation shows that most students tend to work in industries such as retailing, service industry, and restaurants where the demand for labor has always been available. Employers in these industries need cheap and flexible labor in order to remain viable [1], while the students wishing to find a PT job fulfill this requir... ...riences as priority for taking a job. In the survey, it is also could be found that our students do not feel threatened or strained as facing competence. Supposing we have opportunities to take a job in all studying periods, and actually students will have four years to learn relevant skills or enhance practical experiences. Nevertheless, â€Å"closer to home† is their first choice always. It seemed that we remain unconscious about what is called the reality. Spending all the time on something unnecessary is our defect or the common problem of college students in Taiwan. By these outcomes, we recommend more speeches could be held, which get us more familiar with the intense of competitions and to realize â€Å"survival of the fittest.† In addition, instead of living a life with nothing, we are supposed to be vigilant that how the other countries make progress on their skills.

What are the primary perils of and salutary remedies for political powe

What are the primary perils of and salutary remedies for political power? Political power has been an issue plaguing man since the beginning of politics itself. How to gain it, how to hold it, how to properly use it, how to exploit it. Throughout time power has been exercised by those that hold it over those that do not. As with anything, problems are sure to arise. These problems call for solutions if peace is to be restored. The primary perils of political power are a strong desire to keep it, a devotion to anything other than justice, an unwillingness to stand for the right thing, and ruling in a merciless manner. The remedies of political power can be (but are not limited to) confidence that laws are just, a willingness to negotiate, the sharing of power, and staying strong in what is just and right. The first problem (or peril) of power is that those who posses it do not in any way wish to give it up. King stated that â€Å"Lamentably, it is an historic fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily.† (King 68) This often causes a lack of willingness to negotiate with others. Mandela says of the white in South Africa â€Å"Whites had the highest standards in the world-and aimed to keep it that way.† (Mandela 367) There would be no negotiating on the part of the whites. They simply refused to assume the risk of losing what they held. â€Å"Creon will not listen to Antigone, nor does he listen to anyone else but his own inner demons.† (Mandela 456) By not listening to another, Creon threw negotiation by the wayside, which not only aided the corruption of his power, but ultimately lead to his demise. Even when negotiations are made, they must be acted upon, not simply spoken. The fact that King a... ... the devotion to agendas other than justice, the rejection of standing up for the right thing and no mercy are problems King and Mandela address. To remedy4hese perils, the two men suggest that those in power be sure that their laws are just, be willing to negotiate and share their power, and have the spirit to stand strong for what is just and right. Though a single problem can weigh down political power, no one solution can solve it. It must be a combination of these and/or many more in order to solve the true perils of political power. The truth is, when something it so highly desired, so highly revered such as political power, corruption lurks behind every corner. It is up to those in charge (as well as those that influence them to be sure that this power is not corrupted, not abused. This is the preservation of politics; this is the preservation of justice.

Designing an Evaluation Method Essay

  My primary health goal in the nation is to improve the overall health of the diabetes people by years 2020. Diabetes is a disease is that contributes significantly to death and disability among Chicagoans. The Healthy People 2020 objective is to reduce diabetes- related deaths to no more than 34 per 100,000 people (USDHHS, 2013). The concept of educational approaches would improve the diabetes disease knowledge of healthcare providers and also education approach promoting healthy lifestyle habits and patient empowerment is an effective strategy with the potential to decrease the development of complications related to diabetes as well as the socioeconomic costs of the disease (Gaglianalio & Etchegoyem, 2001). As a nurse educator, my responsibility is to provide patients with the most current and evidence- supported information to assist in the decision- making process. Providing the most current information to baccalaureate programs nursing students would prepare the next generation of nurses to have consistent evidence-based practice to educate their clients. My proposal of practicum project is focusing in improving the level of diabetes diseases process and manifestation knowledge in a baccalaureate nursing program. The recognizing objectives that would improve my approaches for attaining my goal as followed: At the end of this practicum experience I will be able to: 1-Develop a lesson plan that utilizes learner- centered strategies to engage the learners. 2- Create a lesson plan that prepares baccalaureate nursing students to care for patients with diabetes. 3-Develop a lesson plan that increases baccalaureate students’ knowledge of diabetes. Criteria needed to evaluate the practicum project The purpose of practicum project evaluation is to improve practicum project effectiveness and demonstrate accountability. Evaluation may be developmental, intended to deliver direction for the development and implementation of an outcome-oriented (Billings & Halstead, 2012). Evidence-based practice (EBP) is decision- making on the care delivery to patients, which is based on current identified and validated research evidence, consumers’ preferences, expert opinions and society expectation(Adams & Barron, 2010). This requires the baccalaureate nurses to make clinical decision pertaining to patient’s care. Therefore, the best clinical decision -making should be based on EBP with the intention to achieve quality patient outcome. The evidence or criteria need to evaluate my practicum project are followed. (1)Utilize current nursing literature related to program evaluation that focuses on comprehensive evaluation, rather than specific elements of the practicum project,(2)Utilization of recommended guidelines and having knowledge of the diabetes process will enable the evaluator to accurately interpret observations, evaluate whether the goals were achieved and whether the teaching methods used were appropriate and effective for the situation, (3) Acquire skills in peer observation; establish the context of the class session, and integration and interpretation of student evaluation feedback. How will success be determined? What are the benchmarks for each element of evidence and what constitutes â€Å"pass/fail†, etc.? A course evaluation is a significant part of managing a program because it points out if the learner’s needs are met or not. Success will be determined through evidence that measures outcomes of the activities, and indicators of program achievements. Benchmarks are used for the measure of a best practice. Benchmarking is the process of identifying benchmarks and applying them for performance improvement (Billings, 2007). The process benchmarking involves sharing successful program indicatives and learning from other’s success. Benchmark can be used in diabetes care and management, and patient education. Benchmark may evaluate the practicum project throughout the term of the evaluations by identifying a point for comparison that reflects student’s satisfaction of the entire course. Using benchmarks to assess processes, practices, and outcomes can provide comparative feedback that can guide the quality improvement process with diabetes patients and their caregivers. Evaluation methods during the practicum project During the evaluation, I will use the process indicators to help me provide feedback and determine if the activities implementing are progressing for desired outcomes. I will follow the Theory-Driven Model because this model provides information on not only the performance of evaluation but on how and why the evaluation achieves such a result (Billings & Hallstead, 2012). The significance of this model during the practicum project lesson is the development and articulation of a clear philosophy. Thus, this model will allow my project lesson process to flow from a theory- based evaluation of diabetes care and management, and education. Observations, checklists, pre and post-test scores will be used as an evidence for evaluation of the project. Tests examinations are a shared, cost- effect, and time effective method of testing knowledge acquisition both as students’ progress in the course and at the conclusion of the course and program (Gaberson & Oermann, 2009). During the evaluation, the theory will direct the evaluation process from identifying variables to be measured to the final report. Resources will be obtained from the nursing department or by the faculty own cost. Most nursing schools write a grant for resources needed. Formative evaluation strategy Frequent evaluations are essential when the learning process is complex and unfamiliar and when it is considering helpful to anticipate potential problems if the risk of failure is high (Billings & Halstead, 2012). I will create more opportunities for effective feedback and use collected formative data to improve the quality of practicum project. Evaluation activities such as continuous quality assessment lead to the improvement of the program and the achievement of excellence (Keating, 2011). The formative evaluation occur form the beginning to the end of the practicum project. Summative evaluation strategy I will perform evaluation of my practicum project toward the end of my second semester 2013 to provide evidence on the success or achievements of the project. I will use summative evaluations to develop best-practice models and to identify areas that require additional improvements for future my practicum project if there is any. Summative evaluations are used to conclude if stakeholders were able to achieve their goals. The summative evaluation always takes place toward the end of a program. References Keating, S.B. (2011). Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing education. Andre, K., & Heartfield, M. (2007). Professional portfolios: Evidence of competency for nursesand midwifes. Australia: Elsevier. References Gagliardino, J., & Etchegoyen, G. (2001). A Model Educational Program for People with Type2 Diabetes: A cooperative Latin American implementation study. Adams, S., Barran, S. (2010). Development and testing of evidence based practice questionnaire for school nurses. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 18(1), 35-40. Billings, D. (2007). Using benchmarking for continuous quality improvement in nursing educations. In M. Oermann & K. Heinrich (Eds.), Annual review of nursing education, volume 5, 2007, 9p.173-180). NY; Springer Publishing.